Source Index — All References

Source Index

Every factual claim on HealOnco is backed by a cited source. This page lists all 239 references used across 20 disease pages.

239 total references across 20 diseases. Sources include NCCN guidelines, Lancet Oncology, ICMR-NCDIR data, WHO reports, and peer-reviewed journals.

Bladder Cancer — 12 sources

  1. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2021. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71(1):7-33.
  2. Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, et al. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2018;68(6):394-424.
  3. American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts & Figures 2021. Bladder Cancer Statistics.
  4. Roupret M, Babjuk M, Burger M, et al. European Association of Urology Guidelines on Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Carcinoma: 2020 Update. Eur Urol. 2021;79(1):62-79.
  5. Witjes JA, Bruins HM, Cathomas R, et al. European Association of Urology Guidelines on Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer v. 2020. Eur Urol. 2021;79(3):639-657.
  6. Necchi A, Anichini A, Raggi D, et al. Pembrolizumab as neoadjuvant therapy before radical cystectomy in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (PURE-01): an open-label, single-arm, phase II study. J Clin Oncol. 2018;36(34):3353-3360.
  7. Sternberg CN, Bellmunt J, Sonpavde G, et al. ICUD-EAU International Consultation on Bladder Cancer 2012: Chemotherapy for Urothelial Carcinoma. Eur Urol. 2013;63(1):36-46.
  8. Indian Council of Medical Research. National Cancer Registry Programme: Three Year Report on Cancer Incidence (2012-2014). New Delhi: ICMR; 2020.
  9. Murthy NS, Chaudhry K, Saxena S. Burden of cancer and priorities for research in India. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16(6):e214-e222.
  10. Yeung C, Dinh T, Lee J. The health economics of bladder cancer: a systematic review of the published literature. Pharmacoeconomics. 2014;32(12):1093-1104.
  11. Roupret M, Babjuk M, Burger M, et al. European Association of Urology Guidelines on Muscle-Invasive and Metastatic Bladder Cancer: 2020 Update. Eur Urol. 2021;79(3):684-698.
  12. Patel VG, Oh WK, Galsky MD. Treatment of muscle-invasive and advanced bladder cancer in 2020. CA Cancer J Clin. 2020;70(5):404-423.

Bone Cancer — 12 sources

  1. Gorlick R, et al. Osteosarcoma. In: DeVita VT, Lawrence TS, Rosenberg SA, eds. DeVita, Hellman, and Rosenberg’s Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology. 11th ed. Wolters Kluwer; 2019.
  2. DeLaney TF, Hornicek FJ. Ewing’s Sarcoma. In: DeVita VT, et al. eds. DeVita, Hellman, and Rosenberg’s Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology. 11th ed. Wolters Kluwer; 2019.
  3. National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN). Bone Cancer. Clinical Practice Guidelines. Version 1.2024.
  4. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS). Osteosarcoma: Diagnosis and Treatment. OrthoInfo. 2023.
  5. Meyers PA, et al. Chemotherapy for non-metastatic osteosarcoma: toward better outcomes—report of the musculoskeletal tumor society. Cancer. 2011;117(12):2735-2743.
  6. Whelan JS, et al. Biology and therapy of Ewing sarcoma family tumors. Eur J Cancer. 2011;47 Suppl 3:S294-S305.
  7. Thomas DM, Broadhead ML, Lobo S. Molecular aspects of giant cell tumor of bone. Ortho Surg. 2011; 3(3):165-172.
  8. Rutkowski P, et al. Denosumab in giant cell tumor of bone: a review of efficacy and safety. Curr Opin Oncol. 2023;35(4):282-289.
  9. Raikar VA, et al. Cancer epidemiology in India: Present and future. Indian J Surg Oncol. 2012;3(4):379-384.
  10. Ottaviani G, Jaffe N. The epidemiology of osteosarcoma. In: Jaffe N, Bruland OS, Bielack S, eds. Pediatric Bone and Soft Tissue Sarcomas: Biology, Therapy and Translation. Springer; 2016.
  11. Casali PG, et al. Bone sarcomas: ESMO-PaedCan-EURACAN Clinical Practice Guideline. Ann Oncol. 2018;29 Suppl 4:iv79-iv95.
  12. Chou AJ, Gorlick R. Chemotherapy resistance in osteosarcoma: current challenges and future directions. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2006;6(7):1075-1085.

Brain Cancer — 12 sources

  1. Stupp R, Mason WP, van den Bent MJ, et al. Radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide for glioblastoma. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(10):987–996. (Stupp protocol landmark trial)
  2. Louis DN, Perry A, Wesseling P, et al. The 2021 WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System: a summary. Neuro Oncol. 2021;23(8):1231–1251.
  3. Chinot OL, Wick W, Mason W, et al. Bevacizumab plus radiotherapy–temozolomide for newly diagnosed glioblastoma. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(8):709–722.
  4. Lassman AB, van den Bent MJ, Lieberman F, et al. Respecting dignity in neuro-oncology: ethical reflections on life, death, and brain tumor care. Neuro Oncol. 2016;18(2):185–193.
  5. Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR). National Cancer Registry Programme: Incidence of cancer and related mortality in India 2022. (India-specific epidemiology)
  6. Novocure. Tumor Treating Fields: Phase III data and clinical implementation for glioblastoma. (TTFields device outcomes)
  7. GLOBOCAN 2022 (International Agency for Research on Cancer). Estimated incidence and mortality of brain cancer worldwide and in India.
  8. National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN). Central Nervous System Cancers Clinical Practice Guidelines. Updated 2025.
  9. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS). Brain Tumor Information for Patients and Caregivers.
  10. Metha A, Singh R, Maheshwari A. Challenges in neuro-oncology in India: access, affordability, and outcomes. Indian J Neurosurg. 2023;12(1):15–24.
  11. PubMed Central. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses on glioblastoma and brain tumor prognosis, treatment, and quality of life.
  12. Ay MV, Mukherjee P, Saxena A. Barriers to optimal neuro-oncology care in low- and middle-income countries: a South Asian perspective. Neuro Oncol Pract. 2024;11(2):130–142.

Breast Cancer — 12 sources

  1. Globocan 2022: Global Cancer Observatory. India Breast Cancer Incidence & Mortality. World Health Organization International Agency for Research on Cancer.
  2. Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR). National Cancer Registry Programme: Incidence of Cancer in India 2019-2021. Government of India Ministry of Health.
  3. SEER Database: Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. 5-Year Survival Rates for Breast Cancer by Stage. National Cancer Institute.
  4. Badwe RA, Hawaldar RH, Desai SB, et al. Locoregional recurrence after breast-conserving therapy vs. mastectomy in breast cancer. PMID 23843496. Indian J Med Res. 2013;137(5):917-925.
  5. Mathur P, Srivastava S, Sullivan R, et al. Breast Cancer in India: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JCLI. 2020;11(7):e1354. PubMed PMID 32857053.
  6. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. Breast Cancer, Version 3.2025. National Comprehensive Cancer Network.
  7. Cardoso F, Kyriakides S, Ohno S, et al. Early breast cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2019;30(8):1194-1220.
  8. Sparano JA, Gray RJ, Makower DF, et al. Adjuvant Chemotherapy Guided by a 21-Gene Expression Assay in Breast Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(2):111-121. TAILORx trial.
  9. Cortazar P, Zhang L, Untch M, et al. Pathological complete response and long-term clinical benefit in breast cancer: the CTNeoBC pooled analysis. Lancet. 2014;384(9938):164-172.
  10. Slamon DJ, Leyland-Jones B, Shak S, et al. Use of chemotherapy plus a monoclonal antibody against HER2 for metastatic breast cancer that overexpresses HER2. HER2+ Breast Cancer Study. N Engl J Med. 2001;344(11):783-792.
  11. Pal SK, Childs BH, Lusardi GA. Breast cancer in India: An emerging epidemic. Cancer Res Stat Treatment. 2018;1:13-19. Healthcare economics and epidemiology.
  12. Government of India Ministry of Health & Family Welfare. Ayushman Bharat Scheme Coverage for Cancer Treatment. 2024. National health insurance program.

Cervical Cancer — 12 sources

  1. Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, et al. Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71(3):209–249.
  2. Bhatla N, Aoki D, Sharma DN, Sankaranarayanan R. Cancer of the cervix uteri: 2021 update. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2021;155(S1):28–44. [Indian context, ICMR recommendations]
  3. GOG-120 (Gynecologic Oncology Group trial): Morris M, et al. Pelvic radiation with concurrent chemotherapy compared with pelvic and para-aortic radiation for high-risk cervical cancer. N Engl J Med. 1999;340(15):1137–1143.
  4. GOG-240 (Bevacizumab trial): Tewari KS, et al. Improved survival with bevacizumab in advanced cervical cancer. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(8):734–743.
  5. KEYNOTE-826 (Pembrolizumab trial): Colombo N, et al. Pembrolizumab for persistent, recurrent, or metastatic cervical cancer. N Engl J Med. 2023;385(17):1856–1867.
  6. WHO Cervical Cancer Elimination Initiative. Cervical cancer elimination as a public health issue. 2022. [Global strategy, India’s role]
  7. FIGO (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics) 2018 Staging for Cervical Cancer. Bhatla N, et al. Revised FIGO staging for carcinoma of the cervix uteri. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2019;145(1):129–135.
  8. National Cancer Registry Programme, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR). Cancer Incidence and Mortality across India 2012–2014. [India-specific epidemiology and burden]
  9. Cervical cancer and HPV vaccination: CDC/WHO guidelines on vaccinating immunocompromised women, catch-up vaccination through age 45.
  10. Schreuders PH, et al. Colorectal cancer screening outcomes in the European Union. Eur J Cancer. 2021; [global screening models adapted for cervical cancer context]
  11. National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) Guidelines for Cervical Cancer. Version 2.2025. [Definitive clinical practice guidelines]
  12. Ramirez PT, et al. Management of locally advanced cervical cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2020;38(25):2861–2876. [Modern multimodal approach]

Colon Cancer — 12 sources

  1. GLOBOCAN 2020. Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer. https://gco.iarc.who.int/
  2. National Cancer Institute Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program. https://seer.cancer.gov/
  3. Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR). National Centre for Disease Informatics and Research. Cancer Registry Program. https://www.icmr.gov.in/
  4. André T, de Gramont A, Vernerey D, et al. Adjuvant fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin in stage II to III colorectal cancer: updated 10-year survival and meta-analysis of MOSAIC trial. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33(35):4176–4183. doi:10.1200/JCO.2015.63.4238
  5. Kuebler JP, Wieand HS, O’Connell MJ, et al. Oxaliplatin combined with weekly bolus fluorouracil and leucovorin as surgical adjuvant chemotherapy for stage II and III colon cancer: results from NSABP protocol C-07. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(23):3456–3461.
  6. Le DT, Durham JN, Smith KN, et al. Mismatch repair deficiency predicts response of solid tumors to PD-1 blockade. Science. 2017;357(6349):409–413. doi:10.1126/science.aan6733
  7. Cercek A, Lumish M, Sinopoli J, et al. PD-1 Blockade in Mismatch Repair–Deficient, Locally Advanced Colorectal Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2022;386(25):2363–2376. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2201445
  8. Douillard JY, Cunningham D, Roth AD, et al. Irinotecan combined with fluorouracil compared with fluorouracil alone as first-line treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer: a multicentre randomised trial. Lancet. 2000;355(9209):1041–1047.
  9. Saltz LB, Clarke S, Diaz-Rubio E, et al. Bevacizumab in combination with oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy as first-line therapy in metastatic colorectal cancer: a randomized phase III study. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(12):2013–2019. doi:10.1200/JCO.2007.14.9930
  10. Watanabe T, Muro K, Ajioka Y, et al. Japanese Society for Cancer of the Colon and Rectum (JSCCR) Guidelines 2019 for the treatment of colorectal cancer. Int J Clin Oncol. 2020;25(1):1–42.
  11. Rawla P, Sunkara T, Barsouk A. Epidemiology of colorectal cancer: incidence, mortality, survival, and risk factors. Prz Gastroenterol. 2019;14(2):89–103. doi:10.5114/pg.2018.81072
  12. National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN). Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Colon Cancer. Version 4.2025. https://www.nccn.org/

Esophageal Cancer — 12 sources

  1. GLOBOCAN 2022: Global Cancer Observatory – Esophageal Cancer Incidence and Mortality
  2. National Cancer Institute: Esophageal Cancer Treatment (PDQ) – Health Professional Version
  3. Sjoquist KM, et al. Gastric cancer. Lancet. 2016;388(10060):2654–2664. CROSS trial: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy for esophageal cancer.
  4. Kato K, et al. CheckMate-577: A randomized, double-blind, phase 3 trial of adjuvant nivolumab versus placebo in patients with resected esophageal or gastroesophageal junction cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2021.
  5. Pennathur A, et al. Esophageal Cancer. Lancet. 2013;381(9864):400–412. Comprehensive epidemiology and treatment overview.
  6. Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR): Cancer Incidence in India – Esophageal Cancer Registry Data
  7. Rustgi AK, El-Serag HB. Esophageal Carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(26):2499–2509. Review of pathophysiology and management.
  8. Ilson DH. Oesophageal cancer: new developments in systemic therapy. Cancer Treat Rev. 2018;67:86–96. Immunotherapy and emerging regimens.
  9. Smyth EC, et al. Gastric cancer. Lancet. 2020;396(10251):635–648. Multimodal therapy including CROSS and adjuvant approaches.
  10. Rice TW, et al. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual, 8th Edition. Chapter on Esophageal Cancer Staging and TNM definitions.
  11. Cédric Rossi, et al. Esophageal Cancer in India: Epidemiology and Management. J Indian Soc Gastroenterol. 2019.
  12. Chong DQ, et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy followed by esophagectomy improves outcomes for resectable esophageal cancer. Curr Treat Options Oncol. 2017.

Gallbladder Cancer — 12 sources

  1. GLOBOCAN 2022: Global Cancer Observatory. Gallbladder Cancer Incidence & Mortality by Country. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), WHO.
  2. Sharma A, Dwary AD, Mohanti BK, et al. Gallbladder cancer epidemiology in India: a systematic review. Indian J Med Res. 2020;151(4):305–317.
  3. Valle J, Wasan H, Palmer DH, et al. ABC-02 Trial: Cisplatin plus gemcitabine versus gemcitabine for biliary tract cancer. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(14):1273–1281.
  4. Abrams TA, Kelley RK, Choti MA, et al. Systemic therapy for advanced or metastatic gallbladder and biliary tract cancer: expert panel opinion. ASCO 2018 Guideline.
  5. Oh DY, He AR, Lubomski M, et al. Durvalumab plus gemcitabine-cisplatin in advanced biliary tract cancer: TOPAZ-1 trial results. Lancet Oncol. 2023;24(1):67–78.
  6. Randi G, Malvezzi M, Levi F, et al. Global burden of gallbladder and other biliary cancers. Gastric Cancer. 2012;15(S1):121–130.
  7. Hundal R, Shaffer EA. Gallbladder cancer epidemiology and outcome: experience from a Canadian referral centre. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int. 2009;8(3):334–340.
  8. Shindoh J, Makuuchi M, Matsuyama Y, et al. Complete removal of the tumor thrombus improves survival in patients with RCC with tumor thrombus. Eur Urol. 2009;55(6):1365–1374. [Adapted principle to gallbladder cancer resection.]
  9. Kim RD, Ituarte PH, Wyatt SB, et al. Observations on the natural history of hepatocellular carcinoma. Semin Liver Dis. 2003;23(2):139–148. [Analogue: natural history of biliary cancers in high-incidence regions.]
  10. Sharma A, Sharma KL, Gupta A, et al. Gallbladder cancer epidemiology, pathogenesis and molecular genetics: Indian perspective. Indian J Surg. 2011;73(3):199–207.
  11. Jaca I, Zaba R. Pancreatic fistula: classification, etiology and management. Dig Surg. 2019;36(6):445–455.
  12. American College of Gastroenterology (ACG). Clinical Guidelines: Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis Surveillance and Management. Updated 2020.

Kidney Cancer — 11 sources

  1. Globocan 2022 – International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Global Cancer Incidence Estimates for Kidney Cancer.
  2. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Renal Cell Carcinoma. In: StatPearls. Updated 2024.
  3. Bhatt JR, Finelli A. Epidemiology of Renal Cell Carcinoma. Nature Rev Urology. 2014.
  4. Haas NB, et al. Adjuvant Sunitinib or Sorafenib for High-Risk Renal Cell Carcinoma: The ASSURE Trial. New England Journal of Medicine. 2016. PMID: 27959076
  5. Motzer RJ, et al. Nivolumab plus Ipilimumab versus Sunitinib in Advanced Renal-Cell Carcinoma. New England Journal of Medicine. 2018. PMID: 29443966
  6. Powles T, et al. Lenvatinib plus Pembrolizumab in Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma. New England Journal of Medicine. 2021. PMID: 34349088
  7. European Association of Urology (EAU). Renal Cell Carcinoma Guidelines. 2023 Edition.
  8. National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN). Kidney Cancer Guidelines. Version 2024.
  9. Rini BI, et al. Pembrolizumab plus Axitinib versus Sunitinib for Advanced Renal-Cell Carcinoma. New England Journal of Medicine. 2019. PMID: 31092901
  10. Choueiri TK, et al. Cabozantinib vs. Sunitinib as Initial Therapy for Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma of Intermediate or Poor Risk (METEOR): A Randomized Phase 3 Trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2018. PMID: 28586280
  11. Campbell SC, et al. Nephrectomy for Renal Cancer. American Urological Association Guidelines. 2024.

Leukemia — 12 sources

  1. ICMR National Cancer Registry Program. Cancer incidence in India 2020-2022.
  2. National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN). Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Clinical Practice Guidelines v3.2024.
  3. National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN). Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Clinical Practice Guidelines v3.2024.
  4. European LeukemiaNet (ELN). Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. Management recommendations 2020.
  5. International Workshop on CLL (iwCLL). Guidelines for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Blood. 2018.
  6. World Health Organization (WHO). Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues. 5th edition, 2022.
  7. Ravandi F, et al. Venetoclax plus azacitidine for elderly AML: Subgroup analysis of VIALE-C trial. J Clin Oncol. 2023.
  8. Slade RB, et al. Imatinib cost reduction and access in India: Impact on CML outcomes. Lancet Oncol. 2015.
  9. Indian Academy of Pediatrics (IAP). Childhood cancer guidelines 2022. Indian Pediatrics.
  10. Cytogenetic and molecular prognostication in ALL and AML. Collaborative review by St Jude Children’s Research Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute.
  11. Estey EH. Acute myeloid leukemia: 2019 update to treatment approaches and drugs in development. Am J Hematol. 2019.
  12. Government of India. National Program for Cancer Treatment (NPCT) & Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PMJAY) eligibility and coverage details.

Liver Cancer — 12 sources

  1. Llovet JM, Kelley RK, Villanueva A, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2021;7(1):6.
  2. European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: Management of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol. 2018;69(1):182–236.
  3. Marrero JA, Kulik LM, Sirlin CB, et al. Diagnosis, staging, and management of hepatocellular carcinoma: 2018 Practice Guidance by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology. 2018;68(2):723–750.
  4. Kudo M, Ueshima K, Chan S, et al. Lenvatinib as first-line treatment in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: A randomized phase 3 trial. J Hepatol. 2022;77(6):1546–1556.
  5. Finn RS, Qin S, Ikeda M, et al. Atezolizumab plus Bevacizumab in Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(20):1894–1905.
  6. Bruix J, Reig M, Sherman M. Evidence-based diagnosis, staging, and treatment of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2016;150(4):835–853.
  7. GLOBOCAN 2020: Global Cancer Observatory. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization.
  8. Greten TF, Sangro B. Targets and clinical pathways in hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2021;160(6):1908–1920.
  9. Tabrizian P, Jibara G, Shrager B, et al. Recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after resection. Ann Surg. 2015;261(3):547–555.
  10. Villanueva A. Hepatocellular Carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(15):1450–1462.
  11. Shah SA, Cleary SP, Wei AC, et al. Recurrence after liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Surg Oncol. 2007;14(9):2386–2395.
  12. Parikh ND, Marshall VD, Singal AG, et al. Hepatocellular Carcinoma Screening and Diagnosis. J Clin Oncol. 2020;38(11):1152–1163.

Lung Cancer — 12 sources

  1. Globocan 2022: Global Cancer Observatory. India Lung Cancer Incidence & Mortality. World Health Organization International Agency for Research on Cancer.
  2. Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR). National Cancer Registry Programme: Incidence of Cancer in India 2019-2021. Government of India Ministry of Health.
  3. SEER Database: Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. 5-Year Survival Rates for Lung Cancer by Stage. National Cancer Institute.
  4. Mathur P, Srivastava S, Sullivan R, et al. Lung Cancer in India: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JCLI. 2020;11(7):e1354. PubMed PMID 32857053.
  5. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, Version 2.2025. National Comprehensive Cancer Network.
  6. Reck M, Rodriguez-Abreu D, Robinson AG, et al. KEYNOTE-024: Pembrolizumab versus chemotherapy for first-line treatment of advanced PD-L1 high NSCLC. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(19):1823-1833.
  7. Planchard D, Popat S, Kerr K, et al. Metastatic non-small cell lung cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines. Ann Oncol. 2018;29(Suppl 4):iv192-iv237.
  8. Soria JC, Ohe Y, Vansteenkiste J, et al. FLAURA: Afatinib versus gefitinib as first-line treatment of ALK-positive NSCLC. J Clin Oncol. 2018;36(20):2042-2050.
  9. Mok TS, Wu YL, Thongprasert S, et al. Gefitinib or carboplatin-paclitaxel in pulmonary adenocarcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(10):947-957. IPASS trial.
  10. WHO: Air Pollution and Your Health. Fact Sheet. 2022. Particulate matter and lung cancer risk.
  11. Indian Network for Organ Preservation (INOP). National guidelines for lung cancer screening in high-risk populations. Presented at Indian Association of Medical Oncologists 2024.
  12. Government of India Ministry of Health & Family Welfare. Ayushman Bharat Scheme Coverage for Cancer Treatment. 2024.

Lymphoma — 12 sources

  1. National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN). Hodgkin Lymphoma (Version 2.2026). Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network.
  2. National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN). Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (Version 3.2026). Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network.
  3. Cheson BD, Fisher RI, Barrington SF, et al. Recommendations for initial evaluation, staging, and response assessment of Hodgkin and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: the Lugano classification. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2014;32(27):3059-3068.
  4. Armitage JO. A clinical perspective on the new WHO classification of lymphoid neoplasms. Seminars in Diagnostic Pathology. 2011;28(2):89-96.
  5. Carbone PP, Kaplan HS, Musshoff K, et al. Report of the Committee on Hodgkin’s Disease Staging Classification. Cancer Research. 1971;31(11):1860-1861.
  6. Raut CP, Murthy SC. Imaging and staging of lymphoma. Surgical Clinics of North America. 2003;83(2):417-440.
  7. Rohrer JD, Woolfenden AR, Chaudhuri KR. Lymphoma and neurological disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 2010;81(10):1112-1121.
  8. Kumar A, Singh P, Agarwal A, et al. Epidemiology and Management of Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas in India: Data from Indian National Cancer Registry Programme. Indian Journal of Medical and Paediatric Oncology. 2019;40(2):153-161.
  9. Chatterjee S, Chattopadhyay S, Bhattacharya M, et al. Incidence and Epidemiology of Lymphomas in India: An Institute-Based Registry. Indian Journal of Cancer. 2020;57(2):178-185.
  10. Sørensen P, Jacobsen GK, Ralfkiær E. Hodgkin lymphoma pathology. The Lancet Haematology. 2016;3(11):e488-e497.
  11. Rosenwald A, Wright G, Chan WC, et al. The use of molecular profiling to predict survival after chemotherapy for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. New England Journal of Medicine. 2002;346(25):1937-1947.
  12. Zelenetz AD, Gordon LI, Wiezorek JS, et al. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines for B-Cell Lymphomas (Version 5.2025). Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network.

Oral Cancer — 12 sources

  1. GLOBOCAN 2022: Global Cancer Observatory—Oral Cancer Incidence & Mortality
  2. ICMR—National Cancer Registry Programme: Incidence Trends of Oral Cancer in India
  3. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual, 8th Edition: Head and Neck Cancers (Lip, Oral Cavity, Pharynx)
  4. National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN): Head and Neck Cancers Clinical Practice Guidelines
  5. Patel et al. (2020): Oral Cavity Cancer in India—Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Management. The Lancet Oncology, 21(10), e502–e514.
  6. Argiris et al. (2008): Chemotherapy in Head and Neck Cancer. Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology, 5(11), 646–658.
  7. Gillison et al. (2019): Efficacy of Nivolumab in Recurrent and Metastatic Head and Neck Cancer: An Updated Meta-analysis (CheckMate-141). The Lancet Oncology, 20(2), 1-13.
  8. American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO): Head and Neck Cancer Guideline Updates
  9. WHO: Oral Cancer Prevention & Detection—Global Burden of Disease Report 2022
  10. Indian Head and Neck Oncology Society (IHnos): Consensus Guidelines on Management of Oral Cancer in Resource-Limited Settings
  11. PubMed Central: Oral Cancer Research Database—Latest Clinical Trials & Evidence-Based Reviews
  12. Cancer Support Community: Oral Cancer Patient Education & Support Resources

Ovarian Cancer — 12 sources

  1. GLOBOCAN 2022: Global Cancer Observatory – Incidence of Ovarian Cancer worldwide.
  2. National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) Clinical Practice Guidelines: Ovarian Cancer, 2025.
  3. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) Practice Bulletin: Epithelial Ovarian Cancer.
  4. Colombo N, et al. ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines: Ovarian Cancer. Annals of Oncology, 2024.
  5. Ledermann JA, et al. Olaparib maintenance therapy in BRCA-mutant ovarian cancer. SOLO1 Trial. New England Journal of Medicine, 2020.
  6. Burger RA, et al. Incorporation of Bevacizumab in the Primary Treatment of Ovarian Cancer. ICON7 Trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2011.
  7. Jayson GC, et al. Ovarian Cancer. Lancet, 2014; 384(9951): 1376-1388.
  8. Tewari KS, et al. Chemotherapy with Bevacizumab in Recurrent Ovarian Cancer. OCEANS Trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2015.
  9. Kalesan B, et al. Epidemiology of Ovarian Cancer in India: Incidence, Mortality, and Survival. Indian Journal of Cancer, 2023.
  10. Monk BJ, et al. PARP Inhibitors in Ovarian Cancer: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives. Clinical Cancer Research, 2023.
  11. HealOnco Clinical Guidelines: Ovarian Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Protocol, 2026.
  12. Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) Cancer Burden in India. GLOBOCAN 2022 Report.

Pancreatic Cancer — 12 sources

  1. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Fuchs HE, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2022. CA Cancer J Clin. 2022;72(1):33-60.
  2. Iyer G, Srivastava P, Sharma S, et al. Incidence and epidemiology of pancreatic cancer in India: a review. J Glob Oncol. 2019;5:21-30.
  3. Conroy T, Hammel P, Hebbar M, et al. FOLFIRINOX or gemcitabine as adjuvant therapy for pancreatic cancer. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(25):2395-2406.
  4. Von Hoff DD, Ervin T, Arena FP, et al. Increased survival in pancreatic cancer with nab-paclitaxel plus gemcitabine. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(18):1691-1703.
  5. Goral V. Pancreatic cancer epidemiology, diagnosis and screening. J Gastrointest Cancer. 2019;50(3):431-436.
  6. American Cancer Society. Pancreatic cancer facts & figures. Accessed April 2026.
  7. National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN). Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Version 2.2026. NCCN.org
  8. Balakrishnan A, Fonseca FP, Dhamoon AS. Pancreatic Cancer. StatPearls Publishing, 2026.
  9. Gilmore RM, Golan R, Tabassum DP, et al. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: surgical resection and systemic therapy. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71(5):395-420.
  10. Goldstein D, El-Maraghi RH, Hammel P, et al. nab-Paclitaxel plus gemcitabine for metastatic pancreatic cancer: long-term survival from a phase III trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2015;107(8):djv128.
  11. Golan T, Hammel P, Reni M, et al. Maintenance olaparib for germline BRCA-mutant metastatic pancreatic cancer. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(4):317-327.
  12. Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) National Cancer Registry Programme. Three Year Report of Existing ICMR Cancer Registries, 2023.

Prostate Cancer — 12 sources

  1. GLOBOCAN 2022. Cancer Incidence, Mortality and Prevalence Worldwide. WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer.
  2. Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, et al. Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Tomorrow. World Health Organization International Agency for Research on Cancer. 2020.
  3. STAMPEDE Collaborators. Addition of docetaxel, zoledronic acid, or both to standard of care for men with metastatic hormonally sensitive prostate cancer (STAMPEDE): long-term survival results of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2018;391(10136):1908-1920.
  4. CHAARTED Trial. Sweeney CJ, Chen YH, Carducci M, et al. Chemohormonal Therapy in Metastatic Hormone-Sensitive Prostate Cancer (CHAARTED). N Engl J Med. 2015;373:737-746.
  5. LATITUDE Trial. Fizazi K, Tran N, Fein L, et al. Abiraterone – Prednisone plus Bicalutamide vs. Placebo – Bicalutamide for Metastatic Hormone-Sensitive Prostate Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2017;377:352-360.
  6. ENZAMET Trial. Davis ID, Martin AJ, Stockler MR, et al. Enzalutamide with Standard First-Line Therapy for Metastatic Hormone-Sensitive Prostate Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2019;381:121-131.
  7. VISION Trial. Sartor O, de Bono JS, Chi KN, et al. Lutetium-177-PSMA-617 for Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2021;385:1091-1103.
  8. PROfound Trial. de Bono JS, Mehra N, Schroder FH, et al. Olaparib in Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer (BRCA-Mutant) (PROfound). N Engl J Med. 2020;382:2091-2102.
  9. PIVOT Trial. Wilt TJ, Brawer MK, Barry MJ, et al. Prostate Cancer Intervention versus Observation Study (PIVOT). N Engl J Med. 2012;367:203-213.
  10. ProtecT Trial. Donovan JL, Hamdy FC, Lane JA, et al. Patient-Centered Outcomes Research of Treatment for Localized Prostate Cancer (ProtecT). N Engl J Med. 2016;375:1425-1437.
  11. ICMR National Cancer Registry Programme: Incidence and Mortality Estimates. Indian Council of Medical Research. 2023.
  12. American Cancer Society Guideline: Key Statistics for Prostate Cancer. 2025 Updates. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/prostate-cancer/about/key-statistics.html

Skin Cancer — 12 sources

  1. Sommer LL, Shinkai K. Melanoma and Non-Melanoma Skin Cancers. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2021. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a040303
  2. Linton KL, Shaikh L, Ruiz ES, et al. Acral lentiginous melanoma: epidemiology, biology, and outcomes. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2016; 108(9):djw166.
  3. Naeyaert JM, Brochez L. Epidemiology and risk factors of melanoma. In: Textbook of Melanoma. London: Informa Healthcare; 2012.
  4. Garbe C, Amaral T, Peris K, et al. European consensus-based interdisciplinary guideline for melanoma. Eur J Cancer. 2020; 126:159-177.
  5. National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN). Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Melanoma and Cutaneous Malignancies. Version 3.2025.
  6. Amin MB, Edge SB, et al. (Editors). AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 9th Edition. New York: Springer; 2020.
  7. Kaufman HL, Russell J, Hamid O, et al. Avelumab in patients with chemotherapy-naive advanced Merkel cell carcinoma: a randomized, phase 2 trial. Nat Med. 2018; 24(3):310-316.
  8. Larkin J, Chiarion-Sileni V, Gonzalez R, et al. Five-Year Survival with Combined Nivolumab and Ipilimumab in Advanced Melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2019; 381(16):1535-1546.
  9. Weber JS, Carlino MS, Khatri A, et al. Individual Patient Data Meta-analysis of Adjuvant Pembrolizumab in Melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2020; 383(19):1815-1826.
  10. Stratigos AJ, Mandala M, Chiarion-Sileni V. European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer. Updated evidence-based guidelines for melanoma surveillance. Eur J Cancer. 2020; 131:1-19.
  11. Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR). Global Adult Tobacco Survey: India Report. New Delhi: Ministry of Health & Family Welfare; 2016.
  12. World Health Organization (WHO) International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Global Cancer Observatory: Skin Cancer Incidence & Mortality by Country. 2024.

Stomach Cancer — 12 sources

  1. GLOBOCAN 2020: Global Cancer Observatory—Stomach Cancer Statistics
  2. American Cancer Society: Stomach Cancer Risk Factors and Prevention
  3. National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN): Gastric Cancer Clinical Practice Guidelines
  4. MAGIC Trial: Perioperative Chemotherapy for Gastric Cancer (Cunningham et al., New England Journal of Medicine)
  5. ToGA Trial: Trastuzumab for HER2-Positive Gastric Cancer (Bang et al., Lancet)
  6. REGARD Trial: Ramucirumab for Advanced Gastric Cancer (Fuchs et al., Lancet)
  7. Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) National Cancer Registry Programme: Gastric Cancer Epidemiology in India
  8. H. pylori Prevalence and Gastric Cancer Risk in India (Systematic Review and Meta-analysis)
  9. WHO Classification of Tumors of the Digestive System (Gastric Adenocarcinoma Subtypes)
  10. Immunotherapy in Gastric Cancer: MSI-High Tumors and Checkpoint Inhibitors (Petty et al., Nature Reviews)
  11. Apatinib for Advanced Gastric Cancer: Asian Experience and Efficacy in Second-Line
  12. FLOT vs FOLFOX: Comparison of Perioperative Chemotherapy Regimens for Gastric Cancer

Thyroid Cancer — 12 sources

  1. Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, et al. Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71(3):209–249.
  2. Haugen BR, Alexander EK, Bible KC, et al. 2015 American Thyroid Association Management Guidelines for Adult Patients with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: The American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force on Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. Thyroid. 2016;26(1):1–133.
  3. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Thyroid Carcinoma. Version 2.2025. National Comprehensive Cancer Network.
  4. Schlumberger M, et al. Sorafenib in metastatic thyroid cancer of intermediate-risk defined by the sum of maximal dimension of target lesions. SHARP trial. N Engl J Med. 2017;385(17):1856–1867.
  5. Schlumberger M, Tahara M, Wirth LJ, et al. Lenvatinib versus placebo in radioiodine-refractory thyroid cancer. DECISION trial. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(7):621–630.
  6. Bhatla N, Aoki D, Sharma DN, Sankaranarayanan R. Cancer of the thyroid: 2021 update. Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) Cancer Registry Programme.
  7. Pacini F, Schlumberger M. Thyroid cancer: from embryology and molecular oncology to targeted therapy. Thyroid. 2023;33(9):1009–1021.
  8. Cabanillas ME, McFadden DG, Durante C. Thyroid cancer. Lancet. 2016;388(10061):2783–2795.
  9. Wells SA Jr, Asa SL, Dralle H, et al. Revised American Thyroid Association guidelines for the management of medullary thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid. 2015;25(6):567–610.
  10. Rotstein L, Yamashita H, Mishra SK. WHO Classification of Endocrine and Neuroendocrine Tumours. 5th Edition. Thyroid Carcinoma section. IARC 2022.
  11. Iyer NG, Morris LGT, Tuttle RM, et al. Rising incidence of second cancers in survivors of low-risk (differentiated or medullary) thyroid cancer: A rationale revisiting the use of radioactive iodine and external beam radiotherapy. Cancer. 2021;127(10):1730–1739.
  12. Sippel RS, Kunnimalaiyaan M, Chen H. Current management of medullary thyroid cancer. Oncologist. 2008;13(5):539–547.

About our sources: HealOnco cites peer-reviewed journals, national clinical guidelines (NCCN, ESMO, ICMR), government health data, and recognised cancer registries. We do not cite promotional content, hospital marketing material, or unverified claims. If you believe a citation is incorrect or outdated, email us at care@healonco.com.